Abambarantama Literary Book To Be Published

Abambarantama is a literary book based on life's true stories that Muhire Emmanuel (real name of the author) went through since his childhood until he was able to share them to the world with good intentions to inspire and awaken those lonely souls and struggling folks for a brighter self-made life. It copes with deep insights unto the life of wonders and self-understanding before one would understand the world surrounding them.

Abambarantama (Wolves In Sheep's Clothings) is the first full length literary book written by Mwalimu LAKHPIN in Kinyarwanda scrutinizing a life of pretence and fear that humans endure, lamentations, agony, ignorance, brokenness, conventional beliefs contrasted with humanism and artivism, as well as the overthoughts musings of the artist based on his atrocious and hopeless growth.

Artistically known as Mwalimu LAKHPIN, Muhire Emmanuel is a prominent poet, songwriter and theatre practitioner based in Rwanda aspiring for a global recognition and being an agent for the wellness of people from different backgrounds of life through arts.

In case you would love and need to support Lakhpin, collected funds through are entitled to cover publishing and editorial expenses for the first 300 hardcopies of the book including distribution. 

Related release: Lorn Nous Expression, Special Production by Mwalimu LAKHPIN



Tags| Intero y'umwigeBasote JamLakhpin

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Ponders | Mwalimu LAKHPIN To Drop His Second Poetry Album With New Style


According to Lakhpin, the upcoming poetry series namely "Ponders" is an aftermath production coming in a new style that will be consisted of more than 12 titles insisting on the social cohesion situations and the unknown. This is a second album following his most renowned debut studio album "Intero y'umwige" found on all online streaming platforms.

Quoting his own statement, Lakhpin has always been a poetic dreamer since 2006 and grew up with a melomania disorder that impeded him from following any career other than the performing arts. "My dream from growing up despite the challenges, has always been to become a renowned writer and a musician and this is a mere achievement responding to that dream."

This album is predominantly based on real situations saturated on different aspects of life such as love, deceit, lone, behavior change and understand of oneself.  The release of "Ponders" is expected in December 2022 according to a reliable source from Mwalimu's close circle. 

Mwalimu LAKHPIN is a Rwandan expressionism artist who uses poetry, theatre of the oppressed, music and drama to address pressing social wellbeing issues via Basote Jam, his distribution channel. 

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Lorn Nous Expression, Special Production by Mwalimu LAKHPIN




Lorn Nous Expression is a special production initiated by Mwalimu LAKHPIN and powered by Basote Jam, a critical thinking and edutainment program that uses expressive arts for self-expression, discovery and discuss social issues towards social wellness and harmony. Basote Jam is a social platform that helps artists talk about their creative endeavors and aspirations, striving to arousing fun, behavior change and exploring personalities artistically.

In this regard, Lorn Nous is a powered project with special sessions and content that contend about juvenile delinquency, drug abuse, domestic violence, child defilement, social anxiety, introversion, loneliness and of course those unspoken stories through unique creative expression.

There a lot of people out there in Rwanda lacking just mechanisms that could help them cope with social anxiety, introversion, deceit or just expressing their innermost feelings or those stories which are still kept unspotted. Introverted artists do not find any breakthrough for their creative endeavors because the media community favors those who socialize the most, and yet those artists have intrinsic stories and content that would help the rest of the population struggling with personalities or social cohesion difficulties. We want to create a spotlight that brings people out from their shelves and discuss psychosocial issues as we give heed to artists who weren’t able to showcase their talents through the current channels and content that has been less regarded by promoters of today.

This is a must see platform that is not only fostered on the alleviation of the creative endeavors of artists, but becoming a game changer in the performing arts practices that stimulate wellness and harmony.

Would you like to support or donate to this important project, don't hesitate to reach out to us or follow our online fundraising pages. The raised funds will strategically help "Lorn Nous" achieve it's goals through our key project activities that are summarized into: Sessions setup and backdrops, Audiovisual equipment and accessories, relevant production expenses and outreach facilities.

We will keep you posted for fresh updates here

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Related releases: 

Abambarantama Literary Book To Be Published

Lakhpin To Release His Second Album

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How To Make Money With Adfoc.us: Full Review

With Adfoc.us you make money by shortening the url addresses, but how does it work Adfoc.us? How to get direct referrals for free in Adfoc.us? Reading this article you'll understand how to make money with Adfoc.us.

AdFocus is a service that allows you to earn online by shortening the URL of the page (URL SHORTENER). A SHORTENER URL is therefore a service that allows you to replace a relatively long link with a new one of a much smaller size that facilitates post insertion where there is a limit of characters (example flashy Twitter).

AdFocus allows this service with the difference that before sending it to the site of interest we redirect you to an ad page.

In fact, the gain is relatively high and we talk about a fee of up to $ 10.00 per thousand views, with a $ 5.00 payout via PayPal and BitCoin.

Even though the gains are already in-stock, AdFocus also offers a very interesting referral system that also allows us to accumulate a percentage of earnings from our invitees.

How to make money online with Adfoc.us

Technical informations to optimize the revenue website of Adfoc.us

I would start the extra considerations of talking about payments and how AdFocus will pay its users to $ 10.00 through the classic PayPal and BitCoin.

 That said, we go a bit more in the detail of AdFocus and we see how to earn real money using its shortner. As well as the most famous AdFly, AdFocus will redirect users who will click on a shortened link to an ad page.

These will have to remain on this advertisement for at least 5 seconds (until the top countdwon reaches zero), then they will be able to press the "AVANTI" button that will appear to display the site of interest. This opportunity is really useful for those who own a monetized website, but also to make some money through forums or if we have monetized content that will attract a lot of people.

How much do you earn?

Different payouts are in fact ranging from a minimum of $ 0.10 to 1,000 visits (for clicks from China) up to a maximum of $ 10.00 per 1,000 visits (for users from the United States).

Please note: in the payout rates section you will see where the visits are to be made.

Italy is around $ 6.00 every 1,000 visits, so in principle you can theorize your earnings. If you have a site that guarantees 5,000 clicks per day, then you will have the chance to earn a good $ 30.00 daily! AdFocus offers an effective referral system that offers users a 20% return on commissions generated by people invited to use the service.

In practice, if we have 10 referrals and each of them earns $ 5.00 a day, we will receive $ 10.00 only as sponsor.

 

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How To Use Digistore24 Without Experience

How to make money with Digistore24 isn’t complex at all. In my view, this remains the easiest website to join and promote digital products online.

So, I implore you to take advantage of it to join thousands of people around the world who’ve been working hard to make money on the Digistore24 affiliate marketing network. 

I guess there isn’t a better time than now to make active and passive income from this affiliate network. That’s considering the ease in which you can join them from most parts of the world

Digistore24 is a popular online platform on which you as an affiliate can find many exciting physical and digital products you can use to earn good money. Digistore24 prides itself as an all-in-one digital sales platform and international affiliate network.

For the advanced marketer, Digistore24 is an online sales platform that offers an integrated online store, as an affiliate network.

It’s a digital product sales platform. As a result, many eBook authors, plugin developers, video seminar providers, and others have discovered DigiStore24 and are selling their products through it.

It’s a large marketplace with more than 9,000 products, 3,000 users per month, and more than 25 thousand active affiliates. So there is a wide range of interesting digital products available.

Digistore24 has earned the trust of customers, product sellers, and payment service providers by taking this thorough approach. They’ve been working effectively with PayPal, credit card issuers, and banks for numerous years.

This allows them to provide you with all payment methods as well as flexible payment structures.

HOW DOES DIGISTORE24 REALLY WORK?

Essentially, Digistore24 operates similarly to every other traditional affiliate marketing network. As an affiliate, you promote a product by including an affiliate link in the content you create.

If visitors to your website or social media channel click on these affiliate links, they’ll be sent to the product’s sales page at Digistore24.

Should they purchase the product, you’ll receive a commission as an affiliate for facilitating the sale. The commission ranges from 20 to 50 percent or above. This all depends on the product because there are products that pay up to 75 percent commission on the platform.

You’ve to register as an affiliate with the platform before beginning to promote any of their products. Most of the time, you’ll be accepted immediately to start promoting their products.

CAN YOU EARN MONEY AS AN AFFILIATE WITH DIGISTORE24?

Yes, you can earn an income that can turn your life around with this affiliate network. It’s a German company. With them, you get decent credits and a great return on your investment of time and resources promoting their products.

WHO ARE THE KEY PLAYERS ON THE DIGISTORE24 PLATFORM?

Vendors: A vendor is someone who joins the platform to sell his own products. You make money on Digistore24 as a Vendor by making these products you create available for affiliate marketers to promote before they get a certain percentage of the sale.

Digistore24 charges Vendors a fee for allowing them to use their platform to sell their products. Some vendors are also affiliates for other products as well. So, they’ve two ways of making money on the network.

Affiliate: Affiliates are those who register with Digistore24 intending to promote affiliate products to their buyers. As an affiliate, you can promote the products through paid ads, blogs, YouTube, social media channels, email, etc.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH DIGISTORE24

For you to start making money with Digistore24, you must first register with the platform either as a vendor or as an affiliate.

The registration process is very simple. You simply have to visit the Digistore24 website and click on Register Now.

 Registration requires you to provide information about yourself as well as your address. There is no need to provide specific information about your website or advertising space.

There’s also no need to wait for the activation process to complete before you can begin. That’s why I refer to them as one of the easiest to join and start making money with.

ADVANTAGES OF PROMOTING A DIGISTORE24 PRODUCT

At Digistore24, you quickly and simply choose a product you want to promote. In most situations, you will receive a promotion link instantly and begin promoting the product.

That’s unlike several affiliate marketing networks that you’ve to apply to the vendor for approval before promoting any product. So, with Digistor24, you can get started straight away.

Another advantage of Digistore24 is its clarity. You can gather all of your partner initiatives in one spot, where you can manage and assess them centrally.

In addition to that, they created the Digistore24 Academy to help people like you who’re new to the platform, and those who don’t know what to do to make good money as affiliates, the opportunity to join Digistore24 Academy and learn the ins and out of how to easily make money from money from the word go.

THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PROMOTING DIGISTORE24 AFFILIATE PRODUCTS

So, for you to understand how to make money with Digistore24, you must first know how its entire sales process works.

Ok! Let’s look at the most effective and profitable strategies top earners, on the platform used to make lots of money.

The Three Best Steps to Promote Digistore24 Affiliate Products are:

The diagram below explains the process further.

STEP 1:  At the top of the process, different (people) can see your affiliate link from the content you created. They can see such content through traffic sources such as your website, blog, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, Quora, email list, YouTube, etc.

So, your content has to be of quality and value.

STEP 2: The second step is the creation of a simple and non-distractive landing page. You direct your traffic to the landing page you created. The essence of this is for you to collect their email addresses.

With the email addresses you get, you can send mails to them if they don’t buy the first day. You can also use it to retarget or remind them of the offer and other new offers you’ll have.

This strategy works magic. That’s because some of those prospects who give you their emails will end up buying any of the affiliate products you promote. At this stage, you can no longer influence anything that happens.

STEP 3: This is the sales page that anyone who fills in his email address on the landing page you prepared earlier will be directed to. The rest of the work will be done by the sales page. The sales page is often put together by copywriters of repute.

It carefully and convincingly explains what the Digisore24 Academy, for example, is about and what the customer stands to benefit from joining them.

In this case, the sales page must be good and convincing enough to persuade the prospect to join the Digistore24 Academy Affiliate Marketing Training Program. So, whoever is interested can then decide to click on the buy button on the website to complete his registration process.

The Digistore24 sales process comes to a close with this phase. When a customer decides to purchase an affiliate product, (in our case, registering for their academy) he will be sent to the Digistore24 order form. If he is interested in joining the academy or buying any other product, this is where he can enter his personal information and choose a payment method from there.

Remember that, without him paying for the product, there is no affiliate commission for you.

This is a typical affiliate marketing sales process that about 81% of professionals use to make money on the platform. It works well.

How To Search For a Suitable Product To Promote On DIGISTORE24

Go to Digistore24 Home Page and click on “Start Now.”

A detailed registration page will appear for you to impute all the necessary detail including tax ID.

If you’re ready to promote any of the good products on the platform… do the following:

Promotion Page

Select “Marketplace” from the menu bar.

In the next page that shows up, you can either search for any product you wish to promote as an affiliate. or you go directly to “digital products” and select from any of the categories listed.

From the list, choose a suitable program that you want to promote. Then click on “Promote Now.” to generate your affiliate link

How to make money with digistore24

After clicking on “promote now” a new window will open with your affiliate link, which you can copy. If users buy via this link, you will receive a commission.

AFFILIATE SUPPORT PAGE

Now, you need still images and text that you can use to promote the selected product on your website. Many sellers have already prepared such graphics to ease the promotion process. To get them, click on “Affiliate Support Page.” That’s where you will find graphics that you can use.

You can also see the amount of commission you stand to get for promoting any of the products.

With Digistore24, you can discover how to make your First PAYCHECK Online by becoming a “Serial Affiliate Revenue Generator” with multiple income funnels coming in at all times. The best part of these revenue-generating funnels is that they run internationally and 24/7. So, you’re cashing in even while you sleep!

 

THINGS YOU MUST DO TO SUCCESSFULLY PROMOTE AFFILIATE PRODUCTS ON DIGISTORE24

1. SET UP A SIMPLE LANDING PAGE

A landing page built with a powerful but inexpensive email marketing software for affiliates is an important part of the recruitment process. It’s where you’ll send potential buyers to and present them with your offer. With so many affiliate marketing publisher programs to choose from, it’s critical to make yours stand out from the crowd.

You use it in funneling referral traffic to your affiliate partners. This strategy is one of the finest methods to earn commission and generate money with affiliate marketing.

An effective landing page contains several crucial components, but it also lacks items found on a standard web page. This conversion-boosting part of your site is specifically designed to compel visitors to take action.

The landing page of your website is the most essential page on your entire site. Its design, functionality, and content must suit the products you’re promoting. It should also be easy for people to navigate through.

How to make money wtih digistore24

Its key role is to encourage your readers to take action. Besides, a good landing page has one key objective: to help facilitate the sale.

Landing pages are powerful because they eliminate distractions and deliver a clear, succinct Call To Action (CTA) that resonates with those you are attempting to reach. Your content must focus on your target audience and should provide clearly defined benefits.

2. PROMOTE DIGISTORE24 PRODUCTS THROUGH YOUR BLOG OR WEBSITE

You can use your blog or website to promote Affiliate links and banner ads, especially if your content is rich enough for your website visitors to devour.  Such content you create must be rich, educative, and entertaining.

For you to do well as an affiliate marketer, you need to learn how to create a blog. If you can’t create a blog on your own, here is how to create a WordPress blog on Bluehost. This blog post will guide you through the design of a WordPress blog on your own.

When you post banner advertisements on your website, you frequently acquire a relatively high rate of conversion. Ads on Google (or Facebook) can be targeted to very specific target audiences.

You can display separate banners from different product suppliers on your website. That also depends on the interests of the visitors.,

3. AFFILIATE MARKETING VIA SOCIAL NETWORKS

Affiliate advertising via social media, in my opinion, is the quickest and most passive way to make money online. You’ve most likely created a Facebook profile, a fan page, or perhaps your own group. They can be set up in a matter of minutes if you’re yet to do that.

You can promote deals in different groups that correspond to your target audience, or advertise through your own website. It works even better if you’ve amassed a massive following and likes.

If you can create quality content in your social media channels, they’ll help attract more leads in the long run.

 How to make money with digistore24

You can also place paid advertising on social networks (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) that is tailored to your specific target group. Another strategy is to advertise your products directly or, create your magnet to attract more leads to your email list. This is a long-term strategy that leads to more sales for you.

You also need to create an autoresponder with affiliate links for these leads. This maximizes the value of a capital client and, over time, produces a broader and more diverse target group.

Autoresponder helps you automate the entire email marketing process.

 4.   AFFILIATE MARKETING THROUGH A NEWSLETTER

Through your email list, you can reach people from a certain demographic with extremely specific features and interests. The more well-defined your target group is, the easier it’s for you to promote the right products to them.

At this stage, you can start sending specifically targeted emails to them. That’s because you now have enough information about them through the email address they sent to you.,

After that, you can add some Disgistore24 affiliate advertising links in the newsletters you send to them.

5. MAKE MONEY WITH DIGISTORE24 AFFILIATE MARKETING USING YOUTUBE

Affiliate marketing using YouTube videos is another viable option. Indeed, YouTube is behind Google as the world’s second-largest search engine! Every day, millions of people use the channel to seek solutions to their challenges or problems.

If you can provide added value to your target audience with a video tutorial or clip, YouTube’s algorithm will recognize it. The ranking is also important in this case. When you’ve amassed a large enough audience, you can begin mentioning (affiliate) links in the video description.

Remember that you want to provide more value to your viewers (and, of course, your readers) than anybody else in your niche. This not only establishes you as an authority figure but also boosts your conversion rates.

Your bank account will thereafter virtually automatically fill up! Furthermore, once your videos achieve a particular audience, you will earn additional ad money through ads.

This is equally referred to as a pay-per-impression model. These are still very low income. But with YouTube’s popularity and market value growth, the pay will be more profitable in the future.

The beauty of this is that you can make money on YouTube these days by creating a profit-generating YouTube channel without creating your video or showing your face.

6. KEY SECRETS TO IMPROVING YOUR CONVERSION RATE ON DIGISTORE24

The key to improving your conversion rate so you can make money on Digistore24 is to repeatedly engage your prospects for them to buy the product (s) you are promoting.

This aspect of the promotion process refers to email marketing.

Studies prove that you’ve to relaunch prospects multiple times before they buy. According to the study, on average, your prospect will buy on the 7th raise. Isn’t that great?

Let me now lead you through the secret strategies super affiliates on Digistore24 use to amass a huge amount of commission every month:

First and foremost, you must do market research to determine the most profitable and easy product for you to promote.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH DIGISTORE24

1. After that, you look for a high-quality product in your selected niche market that will sell like crazy. Please, do ensure that the product is of good quality. If possible, buy it and use it so that you can vouch for its quality.

2. Register your domain name and host with a reputable web hosting company like Bluehost.  The reason I’m recommending Bluehost is for you to benefit from the free 1-year domain name registration they offer new customers. This website should have a unique name related to your product niche. You can call it loseweight.com, trainyourdog.com, latestgossipsonline.com.

3. Use lead magnets. A lead magnet is a marketing tool or an ethical bribe given to a prospect in exchange for their contact information. You must produce and share lead magnets (gifts) with your prospects to persuade them to provide you with their contact information (name and email).

PDF file, checklist, eBooks, whitepapers, templates, video tutorial, audio, email training, and digital products are examples of lead magnets. Whatever lead magnet you use must be relevant to the products you’re marketing. You can get assorted Private Label Rights (PLR) lead magnets like eBooks, video stock footages, images, and digital marketing videos on any topic from our homepage.

4. To show your seriousness about making money on Digistore24, you’ve to set up an auto-responder service. This is the heart of your affiliate marketing business. The autoresponder service you sign up to must be of good quality

5. You arrange a series of follow-up emails (12 to 16 emails, or even more) over time! (For example, the first three messages are sent every day, the next three are sent every two days, the next three are sent every three days, and much more.

6. Market your product through multiple traffic sources like paid ads, YouTube, social networks, your website, blog comments, forums, etc.

You can post your affiliate link in any eBook you’re using as one of your lead magnets. You never can tell who’ll follow the link you place on your eBook and buy the product.

 Looking for more opportunities, CLICK HERE

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Numerous Ways Of Becoming A Payoneer Affiliate

Spread the word about Payoneer's leading payment services and earn money

START EARNING NOW

Earn high commissions and grow your business by promoting Payoneer’s secure, fast and low cost solution to your contacts, visitors and customers. Share your unique register link through blog posts, articles, banners, emails, landing pages, Facebook posts and tweets. You’ll get paid for every new customer that signs up for Payoneer through your link.

BECOME A PAYONEER AFFILIATE TODAY

Whether you are taking your first steps in the affiliate marketing world or already a true pro, we are excited to build a long term partnership together with you. Our team will be happy to assist you in building your campaign and taking your message to the right target audience.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

  • Rewarding Commissions
  • Get paid for every new customer that register through your unique link
  • Effective Marketing Resources
  • Variety of resources and tools that drive high conversion
  • Intuitive Reporting System
  • Detailed statistics and reports to track commissions and payments
  • Quality Account Management Services
  • Team of experts available to help you grow your revenue
                           JOIN TODAY
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Inganzo y'Ububarankuru Nyandiko - Mwalimu LAKHPIN

Mu bwanditsi ubwo ari bwo bwose habamo ubuhanga n'umuyoboro ibintu byose bikurikira. Nubwo muri buri rurimi na buri muco habamo uburyo bwihariye bwo kubara inkuru, ariko hari ibyo inkuru baba babara ziba zihuriyeho ahantu hose ku isi. Hari ibintu byinshi byagiye byandikwa mu rwego rw'ubwanditsi nyirizina ndetse no ku by'ubushakashatsi mu by'ubwanditsi. Ariko akenshi dukunze kubyiga cyangwa kubisoma mu ndimi zindi zitari Ikinyarwanda ugasanga inshuro nyinshi abantu badahita banasobanukirwa inshoza y'ibyo bintu uko iri.

Muri iri somo nateguye, ntabwo ngamije kunenga abavuga ibi muri izi ndimi, ahubwo ndagira ngo hatazagira ubura inyito y'ibintu mu Kinyarwanda kandi ari rwo rurimi yumvaga yisanzuramo kandi yifuza gucengera. Ibyo ngaragaza bishingiye ku bushakshatsi nakoze mu bitabo nasomye, ubunararibonye bw'imyaka 5 mu kwigisha ubuhanzi, imenyerezamwuga nakoreye mu Nteko Nyarwanda y'Ururimi n'Umuco mu gihe cy'amezi atandatu, amasomo nize haba mu kiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry'indimi n'ubuvanganzo ndetse no mu mashuri makuru mu ishami ry'ubuvanganzo. Hari kandi aho nifashishije zimwe mu mbuga za murandasi z'ibigo by'uburezi bitandukanye; maze ngerageza kubihuriza hamwe mu Kinyarwanda.
 Aha ngaha ndibanda ku bwanditsi bw'inkuru, imivugo n'indirimbo gusa.


1. Inkuru
Inkuru ni  ihuûze ry’ibitekerezo mpimbano cyangwa byagiye bihererekanwa mu mibereho y’imiryango runaka; cyangwa se amakuru y’ibintu byabayeho/bizabaho umuntu/abantu abwira undi/abandi agamije kumu(ba)hindurira imyumvire cyangwa uko (b)abona ibintu, kumenyesha, ku(ba)murakaza, gusetsa, guhugura n’ibindi.
Iryo huze riba ririmo uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa n’ingingo bigenda bihana kandi abumva bakaba barikurikiranira ahantu runaka hatoranyijwe. Ahantu hashobora gutoranywa abantu babigambiriye cyangwa se bikabatungura bakahisanga. Gusa ikiza nuko mu ibarankuru ntawita ku ho yumviye iyo biryoshye!

1.1. Ububarankuru (Storytelling)
Ni uburyo bwo gutangaza/kuvuga no gusubiramo amakuru mu ngingo z’imibanire y’abantu n’umuco ubaranga, akenshi ugasanga higanjemo guhimba intekerezo, gukuririza no kogeza,…cyangwa ugasanga bakoresha udukino tw’ikinamico no kwigana ibintu runaka. Kubara inkuru ni kimwe mu bintu byoroha ndetse binakomeye byifashishwa mu bugeni bw’ikinamico n’ibindi bisaba gukuza intekerezo.
Ubu ni uburyo bukoresha inshuro nyinshi amagambo, ijwi n’ibimenyesto by’umubiri kandi hakiganzamo n’inyumve z’abumva inkuru.
                    Urugero: Kera habayeho….. 
                                      Si ge wahera….

1.2. Kwandika inkuru (story writing)
Ni uburyo bwo gufata inkuru igashyirwa mu nyandiko maze abumvankuru bagahinduka abasomyi. Gusa ubu buryo butandukana cyane n’ububarankuru bundi busanzwe kuko bwo bwibanda cyane ku kunoza ururimi rukoreshwa ndetse n’ubundi buhanga butuma uzasoma iyo nkuru yibona nk’uri aho ibintu byabereye, akagira amarangamutima akenewe ndetse n’igitekerezo kigatambuka uko bikwiye nk'aho ari kuyibwirwa n'umuntu imbonankubone. Ni uburyo buvunanye kuko nyuma y’inkuru ubwayo hiyongeramo ubugeni budasanzwe bwo kuyitambutsa.
Ubu buryo bukoresha ibishushanyo, inyandiko, amashusho n’ibindi bimenyetso byandikwa.

1.2.1. Ibice by’inkuru
      Ubusanzwe ibice by’ingenzi mu nkuru ni bitatu:
  •      Umwinjizo (introduction)
  •      Igihimba (body)
  •      Umusozo/Umwanzuro (conclusion)
1.2.2. Ibiranga inkuru nziza
  • Intego/insanganyamatsiko (Theme)
  • Urujyano (Plot)
  • Imyubakire y’inkuru (Story structure)
  • Abakinankuru (Characters)
  • Itûurê (Setting)
  • Injyana (Style and tone)
  • Umusozo (Resolution/denouement/ending)
1.2.2.1. Intego/Insanganyamatsiko
Intego mu nkuru ni ubutumwa cyangwa igitekerezo nyamukuru ibumbatiye. Ni ya matwara runaka cyangwa imyumvire umwanditsi cyangwa umubarankuru aba agambiriye kugeza ku bandi haba mu nkuru ndende, umuvugo, indirimbo cyangwa se ikinamico,…
Icyo kandi kiba ari igitekerezo rusange mu bantu wenda ugasanga abandi bo ntibagitaho umwanya, ariko bagisoma cyangwa bacyumvise ugasanga kibarasheho neza neza cyangwa se kikaba ari n’ikintu gishya umuhanzi ashaka kurema muri sosiyeti. Akenshi usanga inkuru zanditse zishobora kugira intego/insanganyamatsiko irenze imwe nk'uko no mu nkuru nyemvugo bijya bigenda.

1.2.2.2. Urujyano
Urujyano (plot) ni uburyo ibintu bigenda bihererekana mu nkuru, hagaragaramo impamvu ibintu bigenda biba. Urujyano ni rwo rutuma umusomyi yambara ikoti ry’umukinankuru maze akabasha gusobanukirwa n’ibikorwa umukinankuru ahitamo gukora mu iyo nkuru. Urujyano ni rwo rwerekana uburyo buri gikorwa kigenda gihereza ikindi kugeza inkuru irangiye.
1.2.2.3. Imyubakire
Imyubakire (structure) ni ibigize inkuru n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu kuyibara. Bibumbiye hamwe uburyo busobanutse ibikorwa by’umukinankuru byakurikiranye ku buryo budatera umusomyi urujijo no kudasobanukirwa inkuru cyangwa agata umurongo; hamwe n’ingingo y’uko bigaragazwa, aho bigaragara n’ingorane umukinankuru agenda ahura na zo n’uburyo akiranuka na zo.
Abahanzi nta bwo bajya bapfa guhuza imyubakire y’inkuru nubwo hari uburyo rusange buzwi inkuru igomba kuba yubatsemo.
             
Urugero: Adili na nduguze, Shaban Robert

1.2.2.4. Abakinankuru
Umukinankuru ni uvuga cyangwa ukora igikorwa mu nkuru nk’uko mu buzima busanzwe biba byifashe. Umukinankuru agenda ahura n’urusobe rw’ibimubaho uko inkuru igenda isatira irangira ryayo.
Ikitonderwa: Umukinankuru mu bwanditsi cyangwa mu ibarankuru atandukanye cyane n’umukinankuru wo mu bugeni bw’inyarubuga (performing arts). Mu bugeni bw'inyarubuga ho umukinankuru ni wa wundi uba agaragara ku rubuga yigana cyangwa yerekana ubuzima bw'undi muntu uri mu nkuru yateguwe. 

1.2.2.4.1.  Ubwoko bw’abakinankuru
  • Mahamê (Antagonist): Ni umukinankuru ubangamira abandi bakinankuru, utababera mwiza na mba, cyanecyane umukinankuru mukuru.
  • Umwîirorê(Protagonist): Ni umukinankuru w’imico myiza, usanga ari we nzirakarengane, uharanira uburenganzira bwe,…Aba ari mico myiza mu nkuru.
  • Marorê (Stock character): Ni umukinankuru uba uzwi n’abasomyi bose akenshi kubera ibintu bimeze nk’ibitangaje bimugaragaho. 
  • Inaâmbe (Static character): Umukinankuru utigera ahinduka cyangwa ngo ahindure uruhande mu nkuru yose.
  • Umwuûmvu (Round character): Ni umukinankuru ukomeye ugaragarwaho n’ibintu bitandukanye rimwe na rimwe ugasanga yivuguruza. Agenda ahinduka bitewe n’ikibaye mu nkuru arimo.
  • Mabîriko (Foil character): Ni umukinankuru uba afite imyitwarire imwerekana ko ari mwiza (mico myiza) nubwo yaba atagaragara nk’uwaba mwiza cyangwa se akaba ari mubi kandi afite ibintu bimwerekana nk’aho ari mwiza.
  • Umumeezi (Flat character): Ni umukinankuru wiyerekana gusa mu isura imwe cyangwa ebyiri mu nkuru yose ubundi ntibihinduke.
  • Munyegê (Dynamic character): Ni umukinankuru uhinduka (uhindura imimerere) mu nkuru maze imihindukire ye ntiyongere guhanguka. Hari n’abamwita umukinankuru ukura.
Ikitonderwa: Abakinankuru baba ari benshi mu nkuru kandi bakoramo n’ibintu bitandukanye. Gusa si ko muri buri nkuru ubasangamo bose. Hari iyo usangamo bane cyangwa babiri, n'iyo usangamo umunani bose bitewe n'amahitamo y'umwanditsi cyangwa uwahimbye inkuru. 
1.2.2.5. Itûurê  (setting)
Iki ni igice k’ingenzi gituma inkuru igira ubuzima. Ni ahantu n’igihe ibintu byabereye; bigafasha n’umusomyi cyangwa umwumvankuru kwishyira muri uwo mwanya waho. Itûurê rishobora kubamo umuco, igihe cy’amateka kitazwi neza, umusozi cyangwa ubwatsi runaka ndetse n’isaha.
1.2.2.6. Injyana (style and tone)
Mu kwandika inkuru, injyana igaragazwa n’ikeshamvugo (igereranya, ihwanisha, iyitirira, ikabya, ininura,…)n’irindi nozarurimi umwanditsi yakoresheje. Aha ni ho yirinda gukoresha imvugo isesereza/ikomeretsa, akirinda gukoresha imvugo nyandagazi, no gushyiramo ibintu bidafite aho bihuriye n’inkuru ari kubara,…
Injyana kandi ikubiyemo n’uburyo umwanditsi akoresha kugira ngo yiyegereze/akurure umusomyi arusheho kuryoherwa n’inkuru akoresheje gukina n’amagambo n’imyubakire y’interuro ze. Buri mwanditsi agira injyana ye yihariye nubwo hari abagira izenda gusa.
1.2.2.7. Umusozo
Iki ni ikiciro kigaragara mu irangira ry’inkuru aho umwanditsi agaragaza niba ikibazo cyavuzwe cyaraje gukemuka cyangwa hari icyagikozweho. Akerekana niba umukinankuru mukuru yaraje guhinduka cyangwa byarananiranye hagafatwa undi murongo, akerekana ibintu bihagaze kuri ubu.
Aha inkuru zose ntabwo zigira umusozo uteye kimwe.

1.2.2.7. 1.  Ubwoko bw’imisozo

Umwanditsi bitewe n'inkuru yanditse aba afite uko irangira cyangwa uko yifuza ko irangira. Imisozo y'inkuru rero iri ukwinshi nk'uko twabonye ko n'abakinankuru batandukana bitewe n'umwanditsi cyangwa umuhumbyi w'inkuru:
  • Umusozo ufunze (Explicit ending)– Uyu ni umusozo wanzura ku bintu byose ndetse ugasubiza n’ibibazo byose by’ingenzi byagaragaye mu nkuru. Muri uyu musozo hashobora kugaragramo ibintu biba kuri buri mukinankuru w’ibanze kandi ahanini uba utanga amakuru ahagije ku buryo umusomyi nta yandi agirira inyota. Ukunda gukoreshwa mu nkuru ndende. Mu kuwukoresha rro umwanditsi agomba kwita ku bibazo yagiye arereka mu kubaka inkuru ye.
  • Umusozo w’amiyumve (Implicit ending) – Uyu ni umusozo ushingiye ku mbonê n’amiyumvo by’umwanditsi cyangwa umubarankuru. Ibi bikunda kuboneka mu nkuru ngufi cyane.
  • Umusozo mbusane (Twist ending) – Ni umusozo uza mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo umusomyi yari yiteze. Akenshi utakurikiye neza ashobora kwibwira ko umwanditsi yamuyobeje maze akazana andi makuru yari ahishe ku buryo byabyara impaka cyangwa bigature muri koma abakinankuru bari bakurikiye umukinankuru w’ibanze.
  • Umusozo mpiîngaane (Tie-back ending) – NI umusozo uza wibanda ku kibazo cyangwa impungenge umukinankuru yagize mu mizo ya mbere mu mwinjizo. Ni ahantu usanga inkuru itangira yerekana ikibazo cy’umukinankuru igasoza yerekana impamvu icyo kibazo cyabayeho.
  • Umusozo mbaza (Unresolved ending) – Ni umusozo udatanga umwanzuro ahubwo umwanditsi agasigira umusozmyi umukoro wo kwibaza icyagakurikiyeho. Ni uburyo bwo guha umusomyi gutekereza ibisubizo bitandukanye byatangwa ku kibazo cyagaragaye mu nkuru yose.
  • Umusozo w’indorê ya kure (Long view ending)  – Uyu ni umusozo uvuga uko mu gihe cyakurikiyeho/kizaza byaje kugendekera umukinankuru mukuru.
 Ikitonderwa: Umwanditsi ni we uhitamo umusozo akoresha bitewe n’inganzo ye ariko ukaba ufite n’icyo usobanuye ku nkuru ye.


2. Imivugo

Inganzo y'imivugo ifite ubuhanga bwihariye cyane buyitandukanya n'ubwanditsi bw'inkuru zisanzwe ari icyo bihuriraho byose ni uko biba bishingiye ku ruhererekane rw'imbe cyangwa ibintu byabaye. Gusa mu muvugo iyo ucukumbuye neza ushobora gusangamo ibitekerezo byinshi bitandukanye ariko umuhanzi yakusanyije bigaherekeranya maze bigaha ingufu ya ngingo nyamukuru yashatse kuvugaho. Dore bimwe by'ingenzi mu bitandukanya imivugo n'inkuru:
  • Interuro (umwinjizo cyangwa intangiriro mu nkuru).usibye inyito zihinduka kandi usanga uburyo abahanzi baterura imivugo atari kimwe no mu nkuru. Mu mivugo umuhanzi ashobora gutangirana ikivugo, gutaka inganzo ye, gutaka umunsi, ....bitewe nuko yabiteguye.
  • Abakinankuru badahita bigaragaza nk'uko mu nkuru umusomyi wese ahita abasha no kubona amasano yabo ndetse akenshi n'amazina.
  • Interuro ngufi kandi zirashe: Interuro zo mu mivugo ziba zirasa ku ntego kandi zigakunda kugaragaramo inshinga z'ibikorwa cyane.
  • Ikeshamvugo ryiganje: Mu ikeshamvugo aha bishatse kuvuga ko abasizi cyangwa abahimbyi b'imivugo bakunze gukoresha imvugo ihanitse, ari na ho bakoresha isubirajwi, imibangikanyo n'isubirajambo ndetse n'imizimizo itandukanye (iyitirira, ihwanisha, ikabya, ininura, imibangikanyo, isangizamusozo, iyunguruza, igaruracyungo,....)
  • Itondeke ripimye. Gusa ibi ntabwo bigikunze kwitabwaho mu mivugo y'iki gihe ku buryo buhita bwumvikana. Ariko ni ubuhanga butandukanya imivugo n'izindi nkuru zisanzwe. Ubu buhanga bugaragara cyane nko mu mazina y'inka, ibihozo n'ibisingizo.
  • Injyana y'ibitekerezo: Mu mivugo ntabwo ibitekerezo cyangwa ibikorwa bigenda bihana nk'uko mu nkuru zindi bigenda ahubwo umusizi yita ku buryo ari bubikurikiranye mu buryo buryoheye ugutwi kandi abantu bakaba babizirikana mu buryo buboroheye. Hari n'aho usanga anyuzamo akavuga imbamutima ze bwite ku gitekerezo runaka amaze kurasaho, ugasanga ntaho bihuriye ariko nyamara ubisoma we cyangwa ubyumva akarushaho kwizihirw n'icyo gihangano. Ikindi nuko umusizi ashobora gushyiramo ibitekerezo bidafite indi ntego usibye kuryoshya igihangano gusa.
  • Umusayuko (umusozo mu nkuru): Mu busizi ntabwo umusozo uba wubatse nk'uwo mu nkuru zindi. Mu busizi nyarwanda akenshi ukunda gusanga imivugo cyangwa ibisigo bisozwa n'ikidogo cy'umusizi cyangwa akaba avuga amagambo asa n'avunyisha ku yindi sango. Mbese mu yandi magambo ugasanga umusizi hari ikintu runaka ari gusaba abo yabwiraga nubwo hari n'ahandi usanga asoza agaragaza uko we abona ibintu cyangwa uko byaje kurangira muri make. 
  • Imikoreshereze y'ururimi: Mu mivugo usanga akenshi ikibonezamvugo kidahabwa umwanya usumbye uwo gutambutsa igitekerezo nyamukuru. Uburyo amagambo aba atondetse ntabwo iteka buba bwubahiriza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo nk'uko mu nkuru biba ari itegeko. Ikindi kandi mu mivugo habaho gutoranya amagambo agiye yihariye kandi afite ibisobanuro binini kurusha uburyo amagambo atoranywa mu nkuru. 
3. Indirimbo

Kuva kera na kare mu mibereho y'Abanyarwanda bahoze baririmba kandi ari abahanga cyane. Hari insanganyamatsiko zitandukanye zabonekaga mu ndirimbo nk'izisingiza abantu, inyamaswa, amatungo, ibikoresho runaka, umurimo, urukundo, ubukwe, iyobokamana, imandwa ndetse hakaba n'izivuga ku bindi bibazo biboneka mu mibereho ari byo ubukene, ibyorezo, ishavu, agahinda, urupfu, ibyishimo, umunezero n'ibindi. 

Indirimbo rero kimwe n'ubundi buhanzi twavuze haruguru, byose bihuriye ku kubara inkuru kandi ugasanga na ho hazamo ugutaranya amagambo yabugenewe y'ururimi kandi na yo arashe. Gusa indirimbo na zo zifitemo umwihariko ko zidakunze gukoresha ikeshamvugo ruhanitse nk'iryo mu mivugo ariko nanone zigakoresha injyana ipimye cyangwa se icyo nakwita umudiho. 

Mu kwiga indirimbo n’ubuhimbyi bwazo, hari ibintu by’ibanze bikunze kugaruka biranga indirimbo nziza ndetse urebye binakurikizwa ahantu hose ku isi. Nk’uko n’abandi benshi babigenza, mbona ko indirimbo yabaye nziza ngendeye ku kuntu ikunzwe na benshi kurenza ibindi nubwo atari cyo kintu wagenderaho gusa. Ibi tubaye nk’ababyirengagiza, reka turebere hamwe ibiraga indirimbo mu iki gihe cy’umuziki ugezweho. Gusa ingingo ndagaragaza ntabwo zitondetse mu rukurikirane ntubyibeshyeho. Ikindi nuko hari nubwo indirimbo yose itaba ifite ibi bitewe n’injyana ikozemo, ubushake bw’umuhimbyi cyangwa se indi mpamvu.

1. Ijwi – Ni urusaku rutunganye kandi runogeye ugutwi uririmba cyangwa ugacuranga. Amajwi meza agomba kuba ari asigara mu mutwe w’uyumva ndetse akaba anyororotse ari na cyo ahanini usanga uwakunze indirimbo asigarana.

2. Urujyano rw’amajwi cyangwa incurango- Ibi ni ibirungo biherekeza ijwi mu ndirimbo, ugasanga ari kimwe mu bigize injyana bikaba ari uburyo amanita agiye akurikiranyemo haba mu ncurango cyangwa imiririmbire y’umuhimbyi.

3. Ingoma/umudiho – Umudiho w’indirimbo ni wo ufasha umwumvyi kuryoherwa n’indirimbo akaba yanabyina waba witonze cyangwa wihuta. Rimwe na rimwe hari ubwo bamwe babifata nk’umuvuduko w’indirimbo; akenshi kuko burya umuziki ugenga amiyumvo ya muntu ugasanga akenshi umudiho w’indirimbo ari wo ukurura umuntu bwa mbere. Umudiho kandi cyangwa ingoma ni ka kanyuzo gatangwa n’ibcurangisho binyuranye birimo ingoma, gitari y’ijwi ryo hasi, gitari y’amajwi ageze ndetse n’inanga.

4. Injyana – ni akandi kanyuzo gatangwa n’ingoma n’umudiho cyangwa urujyano rwabyo byose biherekejwe n’amajwi. Injyana ishobora guhinduka iyo hinjijwemo amagambo cyangwa hongewemo ikindi gicurangisho bigahita biba indi njyana. Hariho amoko atandukanye y’injyana z’indirimbo nubwo atari cyo nibanzeho muri iyi nyandiko: Rock, Ikibaanda, Hip Hop, R&B, Ikinimba, Igishakamba, Rumba, Reggae, Soul, Jazz, n’izindi.

5. Inkuru cyangwa intêgo – Indirimbo zose zigira inkuru cyangwa insanganyamatsiko. Cyanecyane izina ry’indirimbo rihita rigaragaza mu buryo buziguye icyo indirimbo igiye kwibandaho ndetse n’igitekerezo yubakiyeho kikagenda gisobanuka ugendeye ku izina yahawe. Ibi ni ibintu by’ingirakamaro cyane kuko abahimbyi benshi badakunze koroherwa no gukora amazina meza y’indirimbo cyangwa se n’inkuru zizirimo ugasanga si inkuru ifite itangiriro n’iherezo bigatuma uwumva indirimbo atayitaho. Nubwo hari abantu benshi bakunda ibindi bice mu ndirimbo ugasanga inkuru ntacyo zibabwiye, umuhimbyi we ntagomba kugendera muri uwo mwijima kuko hari abandi bakurikirana cyane inkuru kurusha ibindi birungo yashyiramo kandi ugasanga akenshi ari ba bandi b’abahanga muri muzika.

6. Akiîmbo- Ni ka kantu kaba mu ndirimbo kagutwara umutima ukumva wagakunze n’iyo indirimbo waba uyanga urunuka akenshi ukajya wisanga niba uri nko mu nzira urakaririmbye bucece mu mutima. Aka kimbo gashobora kuba ijambo rimwe, interuro cyangwa se ukanasanga ari nk’incurango yateretswe ahantu runaka hagati mu ndirimbo.

7. Amagambo – Ya nkuru twavuze haruguru iboneka bitewe n’uburyo umuhimbyi yagiye atondekanya amagambo cyangwa se akanakina na yo. Amagambo ni yo arasa ku ntego cyangwa insanganyamatsiko y’indirimbo. Akenshi uzasanga amagambo aba afite ukuntu atondetse mu buryo nab wo bunogeye ijisho cyangwa se no kuyasoma ubwayo bikagira injyana n’iyo waba utaririmba. Iki ni igice cyo kwitondera cyane kuko amagambo ntagoma guhushanya n’injyana ndetse n’umudiho. Gusa hari n’indirimbo zitagira amagambo ugasanga zigizwe n’incurango nsa.

8. Ibitero by’indirimbo – Indirimbo ziba zigabanyijemo ibice kandi bikagira uko byitwa. Hari umwinjizo, igitero, inyikirizo/impakanizi, umwiitso n’incuriko. Ubundi igitero ni cyo gisobanura ingingo zigize ya ntego cyangwa akimbo gakunze kuba kari mu mpakanizi/inyikirizo y’indirimbo. Ibindi bice nk’umwinjizo, umwitso, gucurika n’ibindi biza byunganira ibi bindi mu ndirimbo.

9. Inyubako – Ni ishusho y’ibintu bibiri. Icya mbere ni itonde bya bice by’indirimbo bikurikiza nk’uko bikunze kugaragara mu ndirimbo (Umwinjizo-igitero-inyikirizo-ugakomeza) nubwo nta tegeko ryihariye ryo kubishoreranya ariko umuhimbyi agomba kuba afite uburyo byose yabiherekeranyije mu ndirimbo. Icya kabiri, ni ihererekane ry’ibicurangisho, amajwi cyangwa se n’ibindi bintu bigize indirimbo.

10. Indeshyo – Indeshyo y’indirimbo ni igihe imara ivuga bitewe n’aho yagenewe gucurangirwa. Niba ari kuri radiyo, mu iki gihe indirimbo nyinshi zikunze kuba zifite iminota hagati y’itatu n’ine. Gusa hari izishobora kujya munsi cyangwa hejuru ariko uku ni ko mu iki gihe zikunze kuba zingana. Rero ushobora kuzasanga indirimbo zubatse izina zifite bike muri ibi birango cyangwa zibifite byose. Ntibizagutere kwibaza byinshi ahubwo uge uhita ku kwita ku iryo tandukaniro ritanga ibyiza buri gihe. Indirimbo itabyujuje si uko iba ari mbi ahubwo umuhimbyi wayo ni we uba afite impamvu yakoresheje iyi ngingo ntakoreshe iriya.

11. Imbe- Ni bwa buhanga indirimbo yigiramo bwo gukurura uyumva bakomatana. Niba ari indirimbo ivuga ku gahinda koko ugasanga uyumva yaguye mu gahinda atabizi cyangwa yaba ari iy’umunezero umuntu na we akumva aranezerewe nta mpamvu anezerewe. Ibi akenshi n’umuhimbyi ntabwo abigiramo uruhare runini keretse akenshi iyo ari indirimbo ishingiye ku nkuru mpamo kandi bikaba ari ibintu bisobanukira cyane abumva iyo ndirimbo. Urugero : indirimbo ivuga ubusharire bwa Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda, Umunyarwanda cyanecyane uwabonye Jenoside iyo ndirimbo ishobora kumusubiza mu ibyo bihe kandi nta ngufu abishyizemo habe na mba.

12. Inyota : Ni ubushake indirimbo itera umuntu uyumva ahanini bitewe n’ubusosere bw’incurango ariko ahanini ari ukubera amagambo yakoreshejwe. Urugero : Hari indirimbo iba ivuga ku bukwe ugasanga uyumvise wese ahise yifuza gukora ubukwe cyangwa yaba ari iy’urukundo ugasanga buri wese uyumvise yifuje gukundana ndetse akenshi akanabikora. Si rimwe si kabiri twumvise cyangwa tubonye abantu bakundanye kubera indirimbo bumvanye.

Niba uri umwanditsi w’indirimbo ushaka kwandika ukurikije umurongo nyawo, inama nakugira ni iyo gushakisha indirimbo z’injyana ukunda kurusha izindi maze ukazijora ureba uburyo zubatse maze ugatangira kujya uzigenderaho mu kubaka ibyawe. Ibi ntaho bihuriye no gukopera ngo ushishure izo ndirimbo nge ndavuga kureba ishusho gusa. Ikindi nubyitaho uzasanga indirimbo hafi ya zose zikomeye kandi zakunzwe ziba ari izujuje ibi bintu twavuze haruguru. Ibi ndizera ko bizagufasha gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwawe mu rugendo rw’ubwanditsi bw’indirimbo.

Ikitonderwa: Ibi navuze haruguru ntabwo ari byo kampara kuko nk’uko n’imico itandukana, ubwanditsi nab wo buratandukana ugasanga hari indirimbo zitajya zibyuzuza cyangwa ugasanga hari izibyuzuza buri gihe ndetse hakaba n’izindi zigira n’ibyo ntagaragaje hano. Ibi ni ibizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga ubasha kubona mu ndirimbo z’injyana zose aho ziva zikagera. 
4. UMWANZURO
Ubwanditsi bwose bufite ibyo buhuriraho byaba ari inkuru ngufi, inkuru ndende, imivugo, indirimbo n'ibindi. Icyo kintu rusange bihuriraho ni ikitwa "Inkuru". Ni yo mpamvu umwanditsi wese agomba kwibanda cyane ku nkuru ategurira abasomyi cyangwa se abumvyi inkuru ye izageraho. Bityo uko yifuza ko izakirwa ni na ko azayitunganya mu buryo izuzuza ibisabwa byose kugira ngo hatagira uwo icika kandi byari ngombwa ko imugeraho. Buri wese ashobora kubara inkuru ariko si buri wese ushobora kwandika inkuru.


Umugereka
Nagerageje gukora urutonde rw’injyana za muzika. Gusa nta bwo izi njyana ari zo zibaho zonyine nawe ushobora kubona n’izindi ntashyizemo. Ikindi nuko nta tondeke ryihariye nakurikije cyangwa se ikindi kintu cya gihanga mu kuvuga amazina y’izi njyana usibye ubushakashatsi nakoze gusa nkazikusanya.


1. Ragga cyangwa Raggamuffin/ Dancehall
2. Reggae
3. R&B
4. Blues
5. Soul
6. Rap
7. Salsa
8. Jazz
9. Jazz Funk
10. Jazz Fusion
11. Rock
12. Rock and Roll
13. Hip Hop
14. Ikibanda (country)
15. Kwela
16. Funk
17. Serenade
18. Ska
19. Techno
20. Dance
21. Skiffle
22. UK Garage
23. Tone poem
24. Ikinimba
25. Taarabu
26. Rumba
27. Igishakamba
28. Ikinyemera
29. Zouk
30. Soukous 



5. IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE 

1. Ref: Berry C (1973) Voice and the Actor London: Harrap
2. Biko, Steve. I write what I like. London, Heinermann: 1987
3. Oral and writing skills, Ayieta, Emily Ondondo
4. Music in Theory and practice, Bruce Benward
5. Understanding music, Jeremy Yudkin
6. Inganzo y’Ubwanditsi, Module, GASIMBA F.X
7. Inkoranyamagambo y’Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyarwanda, 2004



Imbuga za murandasi

1. http://www.songwriting.net
2. https://dramaresource.com/storytelling/
3. http://www.writersdigest.com

4. http://edynamiclearning.com/courses/high-school-creative-writing/ 

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