Inganzo y'Ububarankuru Nyandiko - Mwalimu LAKHPIN

Mu bwanditsi ubwo ari bwo bwose habamo ubuhanga n'umuyoboro ibintu byose bikurikira. Nubwo muri buri rurimi na buri muco habamo uburyo bwihariye bwo kubara inkuru, ariko hari ibyo inkuru baba babara ziba zihuriyeho ahantu hose ku isi. Hari ibintu byinshi byagiye byandikwa mu rwego rw'ubwanditsi nyirizina ndetse no ku by'ubushakashatsi mu by'ubwanditsi. Ariko akenshi dukunze kubyiga cyangwa kubisoma mu ndimi zindi zitari Ikinyarwanda ugasanga inshuro nyinshi abantu badahita banasobanukirwa inshoza y'ibyo bintu uko iri.

Muri iri somo nateguye, ntabwo ngamije kunenga abavuga ibi muri izi ndimi, ahubwo ndagira ngo hatazagira ubura inyito y'ibintu mu Kinyarwanda kandi ari rwo rurimi yumvaga yisanzuramo kandi yifuza gucengera. Ibyo ngaragaza bishingiye ku bushakshatsi nakoze mu bitabo nasomye, ubunararibonye bw'imyaka 5 mu kwigisha ubuhanzi, imenyerezamwuga nakoreye mu Nteko Nyarwanda y'Ururimi n'Umuco mu gihe cy'amezi atandatu, amasomo nize haba mu kiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry'indimi n'ubuvanganzo ndetse no mu mashuri makuru mu ishami ry'ubuvanganzo. Hari kandi aho nifashishije zimwe mu mbuga za murandasi z'ibigo by'uburezi bitandukanye; maze ngerageza kubihuriza hamwe mu Kinyarwanda.
 Aha ngaha ndibanda ku bwanditsi bw'inkuru, imivugo n'indirimbo gusa.

1. Inkuru

Inkuru ni  ihuûze ry’ibitekerezo mpimbano cyangwa byagiye bihererekanwa mu mibereho y’imiryango runaka; cyangwa se amakuru y’ibintu byabayeho/bizabaho umuntu/abantu abwira undi/abandi agamije kumu(ba)hindurira imyumvire cyangwa uko (b)abona ibintu, kumenyesha, ku(ba)murakaza, gusetsa, guhugura n’ibindi.

Iryo huze riba ririmo uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa n’ingingo bigenda bihana kandi abumva bakaba barikurikiranira ahantu runaka hatoranyijwe. Ahantu hashobora gutoranywa abantu babigambiriye cyangwa se bikabatungura bakahisanga. Gusa ikiza nuko mu ibarankuru ntawita ku ho yumviye iyo biryoshye!

1.1. Ububarankuru (Storytelling)

Ni uburyo bwo gutangaza/kuvuga no gusubiramo amakuru mu ngingo z’imibanire y’abantu n’umuco ubaranga, akenshi ugasanga higanjemo guhimba intekerezo, gukuririza no kogeza,…cyangwa ugasanga bakoresha udukino tw’ikinamico no kwigana ibintu runaka. Kubara inkuru ni kimwe mu bintu byoroha ndetse binakomeye byifashishwa mu bugeni bw’ikinamico n’ibindi bisaba gukuza intekerezo.

Ubu ni uburyo bukoresha inshuro nyinshi amagambo, ijwi n’ibimenyesto by’umubiri kandi hakiganzamo n’inyumve z’abumva inkuru.

                    Urugero: Kera habayeho….. 
                                      Si ge wahera….

1.2. Kwandika inkuru (story writing)

Ni uburyo bwo gufata inkuru igashyirwa mu nyandiko maze abumvankuru bagahinduka abasomyi. Gusa ubu buryo butandukana cyane n’ububarankuru bundi busanzwe kuko bwo bwibanda cyane ku kunoza ururimi rukoreshwa ndetse n’ubundi buhanga butuma uzasoma iyo nkuru yibona nk’uri aho ibintu byabereye, akagira amarangamutima akenewe ndetse n’igitekerezo kigatambuka uko bikwiye nk'aho ari kuyibwirwa n'umuntu imbonankubone. Ni uburyo buvunanye kuko nyuma y’inkuru ubwayo hiyongeramo ubugeni budasanzwe bwo kuyitambutsa.

Ubu buryo bukoresha ibishushanyo, inyandiko, amashusho n’ibindi bimenyetso byandikwa.

1.2.1. Ibice by’inkuru

      Ubusanzwe ibice by’ingenzi mu nkuru ni bitatu:

•      Umwinjizo (introduction)
•      Igihimba (body)
•      Umusozo/Umwanzuro (conclusion)

1.2.2. Ibiranga inkuru nziza

• Intego/insanganyamatsiko (Theme)
• Urujyano (Plot)
• Imyubakire y’inkuru (Story structure)
• Abakinankuru (Characters)
• Itûurê (Setting)
• Injyana (Style and tone)
• Umusozo (Resolution/denouement/ending)

1.2.2.1. Intego/Insanganyamatsiko

Intego mu nkuru ni ubutumwa cyangwa igitekerezo nyamukuru ibumbatiye. Ni ya matwara runaka cyangwa imyumvire umwanditsi cyangwa umubarankuru aba agambiriye kugeza ku bandi haba mu nkuru ndende, umuvugo, indirimbo cyangwa se ikinamico,…

Icyo kandi kiba ari igitekerezo rusange mu bantu wenda ugasanga abandi bo ntibagitaho umwanya, ariko bagisoma cyangwa bacyumvise ugasanga kibarasheho neza neza cyangwa se kikaba ari n’ikintu gishya umuhanzi ashaka kurema muri sosiyeti. Akenshi usanga inkuru zanditse zishobora kugira intego/insanganyamatsiko irenze imwe nk'uko no mu nkuru nyemvugo bijya bigenda.

1.2.2.2. Urujyano

Urujyano (plot) ni uburyo ibintu bigenda bihererekana mu nkuru, hagaragaramo impamvu ibintu bigenda biba. Urujyano ni rwo rutuma umusomyi yambara ikoti ry’umukinankuru maze akabasha gusobanukirwa n’ibikorwa umukinankuru ahitamo gukora mu iyo nkuru. Urujyano ni rwo rwerekana uburyo buri gikorwa kigenda gihereza ikindi kugeza inkuru irangiye.

1.2.2.3. Imyubakire

Imyubakire (structure) ni ibigize inkuru n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu kuyibara. Bibumbiye hamwe uburyo busobanutse ibikorwa by’umukinankuru byakurikiranye ku buryo budatera umusomyi urujijo no kudasobanukirwa inkuru cyangwa agata umurongo; hamwe n’ingingo y’uko bigaragazwa, aho bigaragara n’ingorane umukinankuru agenda ahura na zo n’uburyo akiranuka na zo.

Abahanzi nta bwo bajya bapfa guhuza imyubakire y’inkuru nubwo hari uburyo rusange buzwi inkuru igomba kuba yubatsemo.

             

Urugero: Adili na nduguze, Shaban Robert

1.2.2.4. Abakinankuru

Umukinankuru ni uvuga cyangwa ukora igikorwa mu nkuru nk’uko mu buzima busanzwe biba byifashe. Umukinankuru agenda ahura n’urusobe rw’ibimubaho uko inkuru igenda isatira irangira ryayo.

Ikitonderwa: Umukinankuru mu bwanditsi cyangwa mu ibarankuru atandukanye cyane n’umukinankuru wo mu bugeni bw’inyarubuga (performing arts). Mu bugeni bw'inyarubuga ho umukinankuru ni wa wundi uba agaragara ku rubuga yigana cyangwa yerekana ubuzima bw'undi muntu uri mu nkuru yateguwe. 

1.2.2.4.1.  Ubwoko bw’abakinankuru

• Mahamê (Antagonist): Ni umukinankuru ubangamira abandi bakinankuru, utababera mwiza na mba, cyanecyane umukinankuru mukuru.

• Umwîirorê(Protagonist): Ni umukinankuru w’imico myiza, usanga ari we nzirakarengane, uharanira uburenganzira bwe,…Aba ari mico myiza mu nkuru.

• Marorê (Stock character): Ni umukinankuru uba uzwi n’abasomyi bose akenshi kubera ibintu bimeze nk’ibitangaje bimugaragaho. 

• Inaâmbe (Static character): Umukinankuru utigera ahinduka cyangwa ngo ahindure uruhande mu nkuru yose.

• Umwuûmvu (Round character): Ni umukinankuru ukomeye ugaragarwaho n’ibintu bitandukanye rimwe na rimwe ugasanga yivuguruza. Agenda ahinduka bitewe n’ikibaye mu nkuru arimo.

• Mabîriko (Foil character): Ni umukinankuru uba afite imyitwarire imwerekana ko ari mwiza (mico myiza) nubwo yaba atagaragara nk’uwaba mwiza cyangwa se akaba ari mubi kandi afite ibintu bimwerekana nk’aho ari mwiza.

• Umumeezi (Flat character): Ni umukinankuru wiyerekana gusa mu isura imwe cyangwa ebyiri mu nkuru yose ubundi ntibihinduke.

• Munyegê (Dynamic character): Ni umukinankuru uhinduka (uhindura imimerere) mu nkuru maze imihindukire ye ntiyongere guhanguka. Hari n’abamwita umukinankuru ukura.

Ikitonderwa: Abakinankuru baba ari benshi mu nkuru kandi bakoramo n’ibintu bitandukanye. Gusa si ko muri buri nkuru ubasangamo bose. Hari iyo usangamo bane cyangwa babiri, n'iyo usangamo umunani bose bitewe n'amahitamo y'umwanditsi cyangwa uwahimbye inkuru. 

1.2.2.5. Itûurê  (setting)

Iki ni igice k’ingenzi gituma inkuru igira ubuzima. Ni ahantu n’igihe ibintu byabereye; bigafasha n’umusomyi cyangwa umwumvankuru kwishyira muri uwo mwanya waho. Itûurê rishobora kubamo umuco, igihe cy’amateka kitazwi neza, umusozi cyangwa ubwatsi runaka ndetse n’isaha.

1.2.2.6. Injyana (style and tone)

Mu kwandika inkuru, injyana igaragazwa n’ikeshamvugo (igereranya, ihwanisha, iyitirira, ikabya, ininura,…)n’irindi nozarurimi umwanditsi yakoresheje. Aha ni ho yirinda gukoresha imvugo isesereza/ikomeretsa, akirinda gukoresha imvugo nyandagazi, no gushyiramo ibintu bidafite aho bihuriye n’inkuru ari kubara,…

Injyana kandi ikubiyemo n’uburyo umwanditsi akoresha kugira ngo yiyegereze/akurure umusomyi arusheho kuryoherwa n’inkuru akoresheje gukina n’amagambo n’imyubakire y’interuro ze. Buri mwanditsi agira injyana ye yihariye nubwo hari abagira izenda gusa.

1.2.2.7. Umusozo

Iki ni ikiciro kigaragara mu irangira ry’inkuru aho umwanditsi agaragaza niba ikibazo cyavuzwe cyaraje gukemuka cyangwa hari icyagikozweho. Akerekana niba umukinankuru mukuru yaraje guhinduka cyangwa byarananiranye hagafatwa undi murongo, akerekana ibintu bihagaze kuri ubu.

Aha inkuru zose ntabwo zigira umusozo uteye kimwe.

1.2.2.7. 1.  Ubwoko bw’imisozo

Umwanditsi bitewe n'inkuru yanditse aba afite uko irangira cyangwa uko yifuza ko irangira. Imisozo y'inkuru rero iri ukwinshi nk'uko twabonye ko n'abakinankuru batandukana bitewe n'umwanditsi cyangwa umuhumbyi w'inkuru:

• Umusozo ufunze (Explicit ending)– Uyu ni umusozo wanzura ku bintu byose ndetse ugasubiza n’ibibazo byose by’ingenzi byagaragaye mu nkuru. Muri uyu musozo hashobora kugaragramo ibintu biba kuri buri mukinankuru w’ibanze kandi ahanini uba utanga amakuru ahagije ku buryo umusomyi nta yandi agirira inyota. Ukunda gukoreshwa mu nkuru ndende. Mu kuwukoresha rro umwanditsi agomba kwita ku bibazo yagiye arereka mu kubaka inkuru ye.

• Umusozo w’amiyumve (Implicit ending) – Uyu ni umusozo ushingiye ku mbonê n’amiyumvo by’umwanditsi cyangwa umubarankuru. Ibi bikunda kuboneka mu nkuru ngufi cyane.

• Umusozo mbusane (Twist ending) – Ni umusozo uza mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo umusomyi yari yiteze. Akenshi utakurikiye neza ashobora kwibwira ko umwanditsi yamuyobeje maze akazana andi makuru yari ahishe ku buryo byabyara impaka cyangwa bigature muri koma abakinankuru bari bakurikiye umukinankuru w’ibanze.

• Umusozo mpiîngaane (Tie-back ending) – NI umusozo uza wibanda ku kibazo cyangwa impungenge umukinankuru yagize mu mizo ya mbere mu mwinjizo. Ni ahantu usanga inkuru itangira yerekana ikibazo cy’umukinankuru igasoza yerekana impamvu icyo kibazo cyabayeho.

• Umusozo mbaza (Unresolved ending) – Ni umusozo udatanga umwanzuro ahubwo umwanditsi agasigira umusozmyi umukoro wo kwibaza icyagakurikiyeho. Ni uburyo bwo guha umusomyi gutekereza ibisubizo bitandukanye byatangwa ku kibazo cyagaragaye mu nkuru yose.

• Umusozo w’indorê ya kure (Long view ending)  – Uyu ni umusozo uvuga uko mu gihe cyakurikiyeho/kizaza byaje kugendekera umukinankuru mukuru.

 Ikitonderwa: Umwanditsi ni we uhitamo umusozo akoresha bitewe n’inganzo ye ariko ukaba ufite n’icyo usobanuye ku nkuru ye.

2. Imivugo

Inganzo y'imivugo ifite ubuhanga bwihariye cyane buyitandukanya n'ubwanditsi bw'inkuru zisanzwe ari icyo bihuriraho byose ni uko biba bishingiye ku ruhererekane rw'imbe cyangwa ibintu byabaye. Gusa mu muvugo iyo ucukumbuye neza ushobora gusangamo ibitekerezo byinshi bitandukanye ariko umuhanzi yakusanyije bigaherekeranya maze bigaha ingufu ya ngingo nyamukuru yashatse kuvugaho. Dore bimwe by'ingenzi mu bitandukanya imivugo n'inkuru:

• Interuro (umwinjizo cyangwa intangiriro mu nkuru).usibye inyito zihinduka kandi usanga uburyo abahanzi baterura imivugo atari kimwe no mu nkuru. Mu mivugo umuhanzi ashobora gutangirana ikivugo, gutaka inganzo ye, gutaka umunsi, ....bitewe nuko yabiteguye.

• Abakinankuru badahita bigaragaza nk'uko mu nkuru umusomyi wese ahita abasha no kubona amasano yabo ndetse akenshi n'amazina.

• Interuro ngufi kandi zirashe: Interuro zo mu mivugo ziba zirasa ku ntego kandi zigakunda kugaragaramo inshinga z'ibikorwa cyane.

• Ikeshamvugo ryiganje: Mu ikeshamvugo aha bishatse kuvuga ko abasizi cyangwa abahimbyi b'imivugo bakunze gukoresha imvugo ihanitse, ari na ho bakoresha isubirajwi, imibangikanyo n'isubirajambo ndetse n'imizimizo itandukanye (iyitirira, ihwanisha, ikabya, ininura, imibangikanyo, isangizamusozo, iyunguruza, igaruracyungo,....)

• Itondeke ripimye. Gusa ibi ntabwo bigikunze kwitabwaho mu mivugo y'iki gihe ku buryo buhita bwumvikana. Ariko ni ubuhanga butandukanya imivugo n'izindi nkuru zisanzwe. Ubu buhanga bugaragara cyane nko mu mazina y'inka, ibihozo n'ibisingizo.

• Injyana y'ibitekerezo: Mu mivugo ntabwo ibitekerezo cyangwa ibikorwa bigenda bihana nk'uko mu nkuru zindi bigenda ahubwo umusizi yita ku buryo ari bubikurikiranye mu buryo buryoheye ugutwi kandi abantu bakaba babizirikana mu buryo buboroheye. Hari n'aho usanga anyuzamo akavuga imbamutima ze bwite ku gitekerezo runaka amaze kurasaho, ugasanga ntaho bihuriye ariko nyamara ubisoma we cyangwa ubyumva akarushaho kwizihirw n'icyo gihangano. Ikindi nuko umusizi ashobora gushyiramo ibitekerezo bidafite indi ntego usibye kuryoshya igihangano gusa.

• Umusayuko (umusozo mu nkuru): Mu busizi ntabwo umusozo uba wubatse nk'uwo mu nkuru zindi. Mu busizi nyarwanda akenshi ukunda gusanga imivugo cyangwa ibisigo bisozwa n'ikidogo cy'umusizi cyangwa akaba avuga amagambo asa n'avunyisha ku yindi sango. Mbese mu yandi magambo ugasanga umusizi hari ikintu runaka ari gusaba abo yabwiraga nubwo hari n'ahandi usanga asoza agaragaza uko we abona ibintu cyangwa uko byaje kurangira muri make. 

• Imikoreshereze y'ururimi: Mu mivugo usanga akenshi ikibonezamvugo kidahabwa umwanya usumbye uwo gutambutsa igitekerezo nyamukuru. Uburyo amagambo aba atondetse ntabwo iteka buba bwubahiriza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo nk'uko mu nkuru biba ari itegeko. Ikindi kandi mu mivugo habaho gutoranya amagambo agiye yihariye kandi afite ibisobanuro binini kurusha uburyo amagambo atoranywa mu nkuru. 

3. Indirimbo

Kuva kera na kare mu mibereho y'Abanyarwanda bahoze baririmba kandi ari abahanga cyane. Hari insanganyamatsiko zitandukanye zabonekaga mu ndirimbo nk'izisingiza abantu, inyamaswa, amatungo, ibikoresho runaka, umurimo, urukundo, ubukwe, iyobokamana, imandwa ndetse hakaba n'izivuga ku bindi bibazo biboneka mu mibereho ari byo ubukene, ibyorezo, ishavu, agahinda, urupfu, ibyishimo, umunezero n'ibindi. 

Indirimbo rero kimwe n'ubundi buhanzi twavuze haruguru, byose bihuriye ku kubara inkuru kandi ugasanga na ho hazamo ugutaranya amagambo yabugenewe y'ururimi kandi na yo arashe. Gusa indirimbo na zo zifitemo umwihariko ko zidakunze gukoresha ikeshamvugo ruhanitse nk'iryo mu mivugo ariko nanone zigakoresha injyana ipimye cyangwa se icyo nakwita umudiho. 

Mu kwiga indirimbo n’ubuhimbyi bwazo, hari ibintu by’ibanze bikunze kugaruka biranga indirimbo nziza ndetse urebye binakurikizwa ahantu hose ku isi. Nk’uko n’abandi benshi babigenza, mbona ko indirimbo yabaye nziza ngendeye ku kuntu ikunzwe na benshi kurenza ibindi nubwo atari cyo kintu wagenderaho gusa. Ibi tubaye nk’ababyirengagiza, reka turebere hamwe ibiraga indirimbo mu iki gihe cy’umuziki ugezweho. Gusa ingingo ndagaragaza ntabwo zitondetse mu rukurikirane ntubyibeshyeho. Ikindi nuko hari nubwo indirimbo yose itaba ifite ibi bitewe n’injyana ikozemo, ubushake bw’umuhimbyi cyangwa se indi mpamvu.

1. Ijwi – Ni urusaku rutunganye kandi runogeye ugutwi uririmba cyangwa ugacuranga. Amajwi meza agomba kuba ari asigara mu mutwe w’uyumva ndetse akaba anyororotse ari na cyo ahanini usanga uwakunze indirimbo asigarana.

2. Urujyano rw’amajwi cyangwa incurango- Ibi ni ibirungo biherekeza ijwi mu ndirimbo, ugasanga ari kimwe mu bigize injyana bikaba ari uburyo amanita agiye akurikiranyemo haba mu ncurango cyangwa imiririmbire y’umuhimbyi.

3. Ingoma/umudiho – Umudiho w’indirimbo ni wo ufasha umwumvyi kuryoherwa n’indirimbo akaba yanabyina waba witonze cyangwa wihuta. Rimwe na rimwe hari ubwo bamwe babifata nk’umuvuduko w’indirimbo; akenshi kuko burya umuziki ugenga amiyumvo ya muntu ugasanga akenshi umudiho w’indirimbo ari wo ukurura umuntu bwa mbere. Umudiho kandi cyangwa ingoma ni ka kanyuzo gatangwa n’ibcurangisho binyuranye birimo ingoma, gitari y’ijwi ryo hasi, gitari y’amajwi ageze ndetse n’inanga.

4. Injyana – ni akandi kanyuzo gatangwa n’ingoma n’umudiho cyangwa urujyano rwabyo byose biherekejwe n’amajwi. Injyana ishobora guhinduka iyo hinjijwemo amagambo cyangwa hongewemo ikindi gicurangisho bigahita biba indi njyana. Hariho amoko atandukanye y’injyana z’indirimbo nubwo atari cyo nibanzeho muri iyi nyandiko: Rock, Ikibaanda, Hip Hop, R&B, Ikinimba, Igishakamba, Rumba, Reggae, Soul, Jazz, n’izindi.

5. Inkuru cyangwa intêgo – Indirimbo zose zigira inkuru cyangwa insanganyamatsiko. Cyanecyane izina ry’indirimbo rihita rigaragaza mu buryo buziguye icyo indirimbo igiye kwibandaho ndetse n’igitekerezo yubakiyeho kikagenda gisobanuka ugendeye ku izina yahawe. Ibi ni ibintu by’ingirakamaro cyane kuko abahimbyi benshi badakunze koroherwa no gukora amazina meza y’indirimbo cyangwa se n’inkuru zizirimo ugasanga si inkuru ifite itangiriro n’iherezo bigatuma uwumva indirimbo atayitaho. Nubwo hari abantu benshi bakunda ibindi bice mu ndirimbo ugasanga inkuru ntacyo zibabwiye, umuhimbyi we ntagomba kugendera muri uwo mwijima kuko hari abandi bakurikirana cyane inkuru kurusha ibindi birungo yashyiramo kandi ugasanga akenshi ari ba bandi b’abahanga muri muzika.

6. Akiîmbo- Ni ka kantu kaba mu ndirimbo kagutwara umutima ukumva wagakunze n’iyo indirimbo waba uyanga urunuka akenshi ukajya wisanga niba uri nko mu nzira urakaririmbye bucece mu mutima. Aka kimbo gashobora kuba ijambo rimwe, interuro cyangwa se ukanasanga ari nk’incurango yateretswe ahantu runaka hagati mu ndirimbo.

7. Amagambo – Ya nkuru twavuze haruguru iboneka bitewe n’uburyo umuhimbyi yagiye atondekanya amagambo cyangwa se akanakina na yo. Amagambo ni yo arasa ku ntego cyangwa insanganyamatsiko y’indirimbo. Akenshi uzasanga amagambo aba afite ukuntu atondetse mu buryo nab wo bunogeye ijisho cyangwa se no kuyasoma ubwayo bikagira injyana n’iyo waba utaririmba. Iki ni igice cyo kwitondera cyane kuko amagambo ntagoma guhushanya n’injyana ndetse n’umudiho. Gusa hari n’indirimbo zitagira amagambo ugasanga zigizwe n’incurango nsa.

8. Ibitero by’indirimbo – Indirimbo ziba zigabanyijemo ibice kandi bikagira uko byitwa. Hari umwinjizo, igitero, inyikirizo/impakanizi, umwiitso n’incuriko. Ubundi igitero ni cyo gisobanura ingingo zigize ya ntego cyangwa akimbo gakunze kuba kari mu mpakanizi/inyikirizo y’indirimbo. Ibindi bice nk’umwinjizo, umwitso, gucurika n’ibindi biza byunganira ibi bindi mu ndirimbo.

9. Inyubako – Ni ishusho y’ibintu bibiri. Icya mbere ni itonde bya bice by’indirimbo bikurikiza nk’uko bikunze kugaragara mu ndirimbo (Umwinjizo-igitero-inyikirizo-ugakomeza) nubwo nta tegeko ryihariye ryo kubishoreranya ariko umuhimbyi agomba kuba afite uburyo byose yabiherekeranyije mu ndirimbo. Icya kabiri, ni ihererekane ry’ibicurangisho, amajwi cyangwa se n’ibindi bintu bigize indirimbo.

10. Indeshyo – Indeshyo y’indirimbo ni igihe imara ivuga bitewe n’aho yagenewe gucurangirwa. Niba ari kuri radiyo, mu iki gihe indirimbo nyinshi zikunze kuba zifite iminota hagati y’itatu n’ine. Gusa hari izishobora kujya munsi cyangwa hejuru ariko uku ni ko mu iki gihe zikunze kuba zingana. Rero ushobora kuzasanga indirimbo zubatse izina zifite bike muri ibi birango cyangwa zibifite byose. Ntibizagutere kwibaza byinshi ahubwo uge uhita ku kwita ku iryo tandukaniro ritanga ibyiza buri gihe. Indirimbo itabyujuje si uko iba ari mbi ahubwo umuhimbyi wayo ni we uba afite impamvu yakoresheje iyi ngingo ntakoreshe iriya.

11. Imbe- Ni bwa buhanga indirimbo yigiramo bwo gukurura uyumva bakomatana. Niba ari indirimbo ivuga ku gahinda koko ugasanga uyumva yaguye mu gahinda atabizi cyangwa yaba ari iy’umunezero umuntu na we akumva aranezerewe nta mpamvu anezerewe. Ibi akenshi n’umuhimbyi ntabwo abigiramo uruhare runini keretse akenshi iyo ari indirimbo ishingiye ku nkuru mpamo kandi bikaba ari ibintu bisobanukira cyane abumva iyo ndirimbo. Urugero : indirimbo ivuga ubusharire bwa Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda, Umunyarwanda cyanecyane uwabonye Jenoside iyo ndirimbo ishobora kumusubiza mu ibyo bihe kandi nta ngufu abishyizemo habe na mba.

12. Inyota : Ni ubushake indirimbo itera umuntu uyumva ahanini bitewe n’ubusosere bw’incurango ariko ahanini ari ukubera amagambo yakoreshejwe. Urugero : Hari indirimbo iba ivuga ku bukwe ugasanga uyumvise wese ahise yifuza gukora ubukwe cyangwa yaba ari iy’urukundo ugasanga buri wese uyumvise yifuje gukundana ndetse akenshi akanabikora. Si rimwe si kabiri twumvise cyangwa tubonye abantu bakundanye kubera indirimbo bumvanye.

Niba uri umwanditsi w’indirimbo ushaka kwandika ukurikije umurongo nyawo, inama nakugira ni iyo gushakisha indirimbo z’injyana ukunda kurusha izindi maze ukazijora ureba uburyo zubatse maze ugatangira kujya uzigenderaho mu kubaka ibyawe. Ibi ntaho bihuriye no gukopera ngo ushishure izo ndirimbo nge ndavuga kureba ishusho gusa. Ikindi nubyitaho uzasanga indirimbo hafi ya zose zikomeye kandi zakunzwe ziba ari izujuje ibi bintu twavuze haruguru. Ibi ndizera ko bizagufasha gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwawe mu rugendo rw’ubwanditsi bw’indirimbo.

Ikitonderwa: Ibi navuze haruguru ntabwo ari byo kampara kuko nk’uko n’imico itandukana, ubwanditsi nab wo buratandukana ugasanga hari indirimbo zitajya zibyuzuza cyangwa ugasanga hari izibyuzuza buri gihe ndetse hakaba n’izindi zigira n’ibyo ntagaragaje hano. Ibi ni ibizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga ubasha kubona mu ndirimbo z’injyana zose aho ziva zikagera. 

4. UMWANZURO

Ubwanditsi bwose bufite ibyo buhuriraho byaba ari inkuru ngufi, inkuru ndende, imivugo, indirimbo n'ibindi. Icyo kintu rusange bihuriraho ni ikitwa "Inkuru". Ni yo mpamvu umwanditsi wese agomba kwibanda cyane ku nkuru ategurira abasomyi cyangwa se abumvyi inkuru ye izageraho. Bityo uko yifuza ko izakirwa ni na ko azayitunganya mu buryo izuzuza ibisabwa byose kugira ngo hatagira uwo icika kandi byari ngombwa ko imugeraho. Buri wese ashobora kubara inkuru ariko si buri wese ushobora kwandika inkuru.

Umugereka

Nagerageje gukora urutonde rw’injyana za muzika. Gusa nta bwo izi njyana ari zo zibaho zonyine nawe ushobora kubona n’izindi ntashyizemo. Ikindi nuko nta tondeke ryihariye nakurikije cyangwa se ikindi kintu cya gihanga mu kuvuga amazina y’izi njyana usibye ubushakashatsi nakoze gusa nkazikusanya.

1. Ragga cyangwa Raggamuffin/ Dancehall
2. Reggae
3. R&B
4. Blues
5. Soul
6. Rap
7. Salsa
8. Jazz
9. Jazz Funk
10. Jazz Fusion
11. Rock
12. Rock and Roll
13. Hip Hop
14. Ikibanda (country)
15. Kwela
16. Funk
17. Serenade
18. Ska
19. Techno
20. Dance
21. Skiffle
22. UK Garage
23. Tone poem
24. Ikinimba
25. Taarabu
26. Rumba
27. Igishakamba
28. Ikinyemera
29. Zouk
30. Soukous 

5. IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE 

1. Ref: Berry C (1973) Voice and the Actor London: Harrap
2. Biko, Steve. I write what I like. London, Heinermann: 1987
3. Oral and writing skills, Ayieta, Emily Ondondo
4. Music in Theory and practice, Bruce Benward
5. Understanding music, Jeremy Yudkin
6. Inganzo y’Ubwanditsi, Module, GASIMBA F.X
7. Inkoranyamagambo y’Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyarwanda, 2004

Imbuga za murandasi

1. http://www.songwriting.net
2. https://dramaresource.com/storytelling/
3. http://www.writersdigest.com
4. http://edynamiclearning.com/courses/high-school-creative-writing/ 

                                                                        ©Lakhpin

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Akamaro k’ubuhanzi Mu Mibereho Ya Muntu - Mwalimu LAKHPIN

Ubuhanzi ni inyereko y’intekerezo, amiyumvo, imyumvire, inyifuzo, imbone, umuco,ubumuntu, ubuhanga, ndetse n’ibiriho abantu babona cyangwa se badashobora gupfa kubona no gutekereza. Mu by’ukuri ubuhanzi ni umuyoboro mugari muntu anyuzamo ibyo ashaka kugeza ku bandi cyangwa akaganiriramo n’ibindi bimukikije (inyamaswa, ibiti, amazi,ijuru,  ..). 

Akamaro k'ubuhanzi mu mibereho

Ubuhanzi bufite akamaro kanini cyane mu mibereho yose ndetse nta n’uwabasha kubisesengura ngo abive imuzi uko byakabaye kuko hari na wa mumaro w’imbere muntu atabasha no guhita avumbura cyangwa ngo akeke ko ari uw’ubugeni. Ikindi kandi nuko hari abakunda gusuzumira ubugeni cyangwa ubuhanzi mu mumaro umwe rukumbi baba barishyizemo ko bategereje nyamara ugasanga badatekereza ntibanifuze uwanabasobanurira indi mimaro y’ubuhanzi cyangwa ubugeni bakagombye kuba bitaho. Urugero hari nk’ubwo umuhanzi asohora indirimbo ukajya kumva ukumva abantu bari kuvuga ngo nta butumwa burimo. Gusa igisekeje nuko ubwo butumwa baba bavuga ari ubugusha ku ntekerezo zabo cyangwa ku bibazo bafite nk’uko baba babyiteze. Nge ibyo mbibona nko kwigira nk’aho ari bo bari ku isi bonyine kuko ubugeni ni ubwa bose kandi bureba bose mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi ntibujonjora. 

Nta gihangano kitagira ubutumwa bwaba ububi cyangwa ubwiza, bwaba busobanuka cyangwa ari amayobera cyangwa se bukaba ari n’ubutumwa butarashe ku kintu runaka nk’uko turaza kubibona mu ntego z’ubuhanzi hepfo. Ubuhanzi cyangwa ubugeni bugira akamaro kanini cyane muri kami muntu, amiyumvo ndetse n’imyitwarire ye. Ubuhanzi ni bwo butugira abo tugaragara ko turi bo ndetse bukanaturanga mu bandi. Ubuhanzi bugira uruhare ku buryo dutekereza n’uko twakira ibitubayeho. Butuma dutekereza ku buzima byigiye imbere, uko abantu bakagombye kubaho, kumenya ikibi n’ikiza, igikenewe n’ikidakenewe, kumenya urukundo icyo ari cyo, kwibaza ibibazo by’ubuzima bw’ahazaza n’ibindi. Ubuhanzi budufasha gusobanukirwa imibereho y’abakurambere no kwiga amateka ya muntu. 

Ubuhanzi buturemamo imyumvire y’ubwiza n’umususu. Ubuhanzi kandi bufasha abantu kumvana no kumva isi ibakikije. Budufasha kandi no guhindura inyifato n’imyumvire y’ibintu runaka. Bugira uruhare runini mu burere n’uburezi mu byiciro byose by’ubuzima. Ubuhanzi buhuza abantu kandi bugatuma barushaho kugira ubumuntu no kugirirana. Ubuhanzi ni imvugo yumvwa n’abantu bose ku isi uko ingana kose. Ubuhanzi butanga urubuga ku bantu ngo bavuge ibibarimo ndetse bakanamara nubwo atari intego nyamukuru y’ubuhanzi kuko si buri wese ubukora wamamara. Gusa na none icyo wamenya nuko ubuhanzi bugira ireme kandi bugahabwa umwanya iyo bufite aho buhuriye n’imibereho ya muntu, ibimushishikaza, ibyifuzo bye, imiruho ye, ibyishimo, n’ibindi. Bitabaye ibyo usanga budahawe agaciro bukwiriye ntibunamenyekane. Ubuhanzi nyabwo ni bumwe bukora ku mutima n’intekerezo za muntu ndetse bukamwereka uruhande rw’imibereho ashobora kuba atari azi cyangwa se akaba ayizi mu bundi buryo. 

Ubuhanzi mu muryango mugari

Ubuhanzi bugira akamaro kanini mu muryango mugari (sosiyeti) mu bihe bitandukanye ndetse bukigaragaza mu mpamvu zitandukanye zirimo iyobokamana, ubumenyi n’ubuhanga, poritiki, ubukorikori, amateka, umuco n’ibindi. Hari ubwo usanga abantu birengagiza umumaro w’ubuhanzi mu mibanire, umuco ndetse n’ububanyi n’amahanga abakikije. Aha ni ngombwa ko inganda z’ubuhanzi cyangwa imiryango ishyigikira ubugeni bishyiramo imbaraga mu kugaragaza uwo mumaro rudasumbwa w’ubuhanzi nk’uko uri.

Iyo witegereje neza usanga ari ubuhanzi n’ubugeni bwonyine bwifashishwa kugira ngo ibintu bibe uko biri uko kandi bikanakugeraho uko bikugeraho uko. Ni byiza kandi ko abantu biga bakanitabira kumenya umumaro ubugeni bufite mu mibereho yabo batitaye ku byo bakunda ku giti cyabo. Ubuhanzi tubukenera buri munsi uko twicuye kandi usanga nta muntu n’umwe ku isi utabukora yaba abizi cyangwa atabizi. Ni nde se utaririmba mu buzima bwe n’iyo yaba asubiramo iby’abandi? Ni nde se utabara inkuru? Ni nde utambara? Ni nde utamenya kumenya ibara ryiza n’iribi se uretse kuba yaba hari ubumuga afite? Ni nde se ahubwo utajya atoranya amagambo (imvugo) akoresha bitewe n’aho ageze? Ni nde se waba atarakoresha igikoresho cyabumbwe mu buzima bwe?

Hari ibintu byinshi nshobora kuvuga kuri iyi ngingo y’akamaro k’ubuhanzi mu mibereho ariko icyo nshaka gutsindagira nuko umuryango ubuze ubuhanzi ukabura n’ubugeni uba utabaho. Bivuze ko nta buhanzi ndetse n’ubugeni nta buzima. Iyi nyandiko cyane nayikoze ntekereza ku bagenerwabikorwa b’ubuhanzi n’ubugeni (consumers) usibye ko n’abahanzi ubwabo yabagirira umumaro barushaho kumva neza uwo murimo uhambaye bakora. Nta ruhande na rumwe mpagazeho rw’ubuhanzi bubi cyangwa bwiza. Icyo nizera nuko bwose ari ubuhanzi kandi twese turabizi ko bubaho nk’uko tugenda duhura na bwo mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi. Ushobora kubona igihangano ari kibi mu maso cyangwa mu gutwi kwawe, ariko cyagera hirya kigasamirwa hejuru kikabaryohera. Ubwo rero n’intego zabwo ziba zitandukanye kandi ari na nyinshi. Ikiza kandi nuko nubona igihangano utazajya uhita ukijorera muri ya ntego cyangwa umumaro wishyizemo ko umuhanzi agomba kukuzanira ahubwo wazajya ucyakira nk’igihangano ubwacyo ni bwo n’ubuhanzi buzaba umwimerere. Ni na bwo kandi ababukora babukorana umutima utuganye kandi wo guhanga ibintu bibarimo by’umwimerere batabikoreye guhiga ifaranga cyangwa kwibonekeza ngo ukunde wishime nubwo na byo bijya biba mu ntego z’ubuhanzi.

Intego y’ubuhanzi

Rero nubwo hashobora kuboneka intego nyinshi z’ubuhanzi cyangwa ubugeni, izi zikurikira ni zo zikunze kugaragara muri rusange.  Igihangano gishobora kuza kigamije:

Gusetsa                     Kwigaragaza

Kubabaza            Gukorera amafaranga

Guhana                      Icengezamatwara

Kwigisha                   Kumenyesha

Kunenga                    Kwamamaza

Gususurutsa            Kwibagiza

Kwinezeza                Guhûuza

Gutambuka              Guhûza

   Kwishongora,...

Ikitonderwa: Nta tonde runaka nakurikije ndetse nta nubwo buri gihangano kigira izi ntego uko ari zose. Buri cyose kiba gifite iyacyo ntego kandi n’ibihangano bibiri bishobora guhurira ku ntego imwe ariko ugasanga hari icyo zirutanaho bitewe n’abo kigenewe cyangwa se uko cyakiriwe n’uburemere bw’intego kigaragajemo ubwo ari bwo. Gusa icyo bihuriraho byose nuko ari ibihangano kandi bigomba gufatwa bityo mbere na mbere, hanyuma kujora impamvu n’intego zabyo zikaza nyuma bitewe n’imibereho y’abo bigeraho. Gusa nge sinemeranya n’abatabona intego bari bakeneye mu gihangano, maze bagahita banzura ko icyo gihangano nta ntego gifite na mba ndetse nta n’akamaro. Ahubwo nemera bamwe bagira bati: “Iki gihangano gifite intego ntemera. Ntigifite ibi ariko gifite biriya, …”.

Tags: ikinamico y'intote, ubugeni, ubuhanzi

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How To Make Money With ExoClick | Full Review

With Exoclick you can make money when a banner advertised is clicked, but how does it work Exoclick? How to get direct referrals for free in Exoclick? Reading this article, you'll understand how to make money with Exoclick.

ExoClick is one of those sites on the web that allow webmasters to earn online each time someone displays the banner advertised on their website. ExoClick is a project launched in 2006 based in Barcelona that allows publishers, both small and large, to earn targeted advertising on their own websites.

ExoClick presents a graphics copied by Google Adsense (the undisputed leader of the industry) with the only difference that has many more ads for +18 sites or legitimate sites. So to make some examples ExoClick is used by ****ographic sites like YouPorn and NovoPorn or even sites with pirated materials such as KickAss Torrent.

Despite this little detail that limits usage to some webmasters, earnings are relatively high, although of course they depend on the number of visitors and the placement of the banner advertising (in general you can still say that you go from a minimum of 0,10 € to a maximum of 0,80 € per click).

If on the one hand the earnings are not established in principle, so it is not for the payment that comes to the achievement of 200,00 € through bank transfer.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY ONLINE WITH EXOCLICK

ExoClick is believed by all of the AdSense colleague (from whom he looks back faithfully) for all those portals that Google does not accept because it does not comply with its guidelines, which means sites with ****ographic content or legality limit as torrents and streaming.

Any publisher using ExoClick can model the various ads that will be shown on their site at will:

♻️ You can choose the ad format; can decide whether to show links or images;

♻️ Customize your graphics by changing the shape of the edges or the color of your writing;

♻️ You can choose what kind of arguments you want to be shown on your site.

In short, ExoClick (as well as Adsense) allows you to create banners to your liking, making these ads almost a decorative object for the various portal pages and not just a source of revenue.

With regard to earnings, also remuneration is a contributing factor to the enormous spread of this program.

Although there is no fixed fee (all depends on site popularity, banner placement, and many other factors), the earnings are relatively high and can even reach 0.80 € per click with a general average of about 0.25 €).

Maybe 0.25 € each click will look a bit but I assure you that you can earn a lot of money.

CTR is the conversion rate that indicates the number of clicks based on the number of visits (a CTR in the standard is 5%, that is, over 100 visitors 5 click on the banner). Now that we've also explained this very important data we can go to calculate how much the monthly earnings of a site with this value will be: 5% (CTR) x 20,000 (pages) x 0.25 (€ per click) = 250.00 € per day. Having this figure you will quickly calculate your monthly earnings: 250 x 30 = € 7,500.00 monthly.

You will look like a given airbase only for theoretical calculations, but be assured that for well-known blogs / sites are figures that they can reach quite easily.

How to Optimize Your Gains

To improve your earnings with ExoClick, there are no secrets or special tricks, but only improvements and tips that help you optimize.

Starting from the previous example we can guess how to increase the earnings there are mainly 2 methods: increase visits or improve the CTR.

In the first case there is little to say because to increase your visits you have to have a popular site and it is up to you to be able to create an interesting portal and followed by many people.

Conversely, you can work hard on the second (CTR) attempt to invite as many people as possible to click on banners. For this purpose, there are many guides, some even paid, that explain where to place banners and what types of ads to use.

Try yourself searching for some guidance on the Internet, in any case we in GetMyRefs can summarize these optimizations by saying that:

1. Link sets rather than banners with images are preferred;

2. The most efficient banner placement rule is called "7-Card", which is to place a long banner just below the title and several text ads between the side menu items (left or right). Some also say that you put a visual banner (with the image) in the header to the right of the logo / title. 

These are just a few steps that can lead to maximizing ExoClick.

It is now up to you to make the most of this opportunity!

Important

Given the content of banner ads (often forbidden for children under 18) we think it's useful to remember how ExoClick is more than just a CPC service reserved exclusively for content-rich sites!  CLICK HERE TO START!

 

 

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Ultimate Guide On Doing Online Work with Clickworker | Full Review

 

Clickworker is always looking for Internet users worldwide who can, for example, create or correct texts, participate in surveys or search and categorize data for us.

How it works: You can sign up as a Clickworker  free of charge. You work independently, your schedule is flexible and all you need is a computer and/or mobile device with an Internet connection. You decide when and how much you want to work – on a freelance basis.

What types of jobs are there?

Here you can get a brief overview of the various job types.

Text Creation

Create informative texts, product descriptions or articles about a given topic.

Categorization

Categorize the data of websites, etc.

Copy Editing

Copy editors check corrected texts with regard to content, style and the exact implementation of the job instructions.

Proofreading

Proofreaders assess the texts created with regard to spelling, grammar, style, expression and the implementation of the job instructions.

Research

Search for data and addresses of companies, restaurants and other localities in the web.

Surveys

Share your opinion by participating in various types of surveys.

Mystery Visit

Who wouldn’t enjoy getting paid for a weekly shopping trip? Visit nearby stores, take pictures of products and upload them at clickworker. That’s it!

App Testing

As an app jobber you can help optimize the design, functionality and usability of different applications.

Photo Capturing

Take any kind of picture with your smartphone. Upload, done!

Audio Recordings

Whether at home or on the go, record short audio clips on your smartphone.

Video Recordings

Show us your skills by making short videos. Grab your cell phone and get filming!

This is how it works

Sign up at clickworker.com

      ✳️ Fill out your user profile
✳️ Complete short assessments
✳️ Good results ensure many jobs
✳️ Process your jobs online
✳️ Get paid on a weekly or monthly basis
✳️ Your benefits at a glance
✳️ Easy start with assessments
✳️ Good quality work ensures an increase in earnings
✳️ Work from home whenever you have time

You don’t have to worry about customer acquisition. We take care of the distribution of the jobs to you

This gives you more time for your own work and you don’t have to write invoices either. We take care of the entire process including payment to you.

         JOIN NOW HERE

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